Publikationen

@article{Masoumi2019b,

title = {A Discrete Choice Analysis of Transport Mode Choice Causality and Perceived Barriers of Sustainable Mobility in the MENA Region},

author = {Masoumi, Houshmand, E.},

doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2019.04.005},

year  = {2019},

date = {2019-07-15},

journal = {Transport Policy},

volume = {79},

pages = {37-53},

abstract = {Although there is considerable number of studies on urban travel mode choice, there are still two gaps: we have limited understanding of perceived and attitudinal barriers of sustainable modes and motives of personal car use, and the causes (not correlations) of mode choice decisions are almost unknown for certain geographical contexts such as the Middle East and North Africa (MENA). This study seeks to answer three questions: (1) what are the main barriers to choosing sustainable transport modes like active mobility and public transportation in the Middle East and North Africa? (2) which attitudinal or physical determinants define the transportation mode choice intentions and decisions in Tehran, Istanbul, and Cairo? and (3) what are the differences between the determinants of mode choice decisions in the case cities compared with those of Western societies? In this study, the data collected from 8284 interviewees in Tehran, Istanbul, and Cairo in 2017 were applied in a discrete choice model. The dependent variables of the modeling were the perceived main reasons against walking, biking, and public transit ridership, and the main factor encouraging car-driving. According to the findings, long walking distances, absences or lack of biking infrastructures, social and cultural problems and pressures against biking, and personal preference for cars compared to public transport prevent passengers from walking, biking, and using public transport. Comfort and convenience are the factors that make people avoid public transit in favor of cars. These determinants are fairly different from the main determinants of mode choice decisions in the Western societies. By applying a multinomial logistic regression model, 11 variables related to travel characteristics, perceptions, land-use and neighborhood, socio-economics, and self-selection were found significant or marginally significant in explaining all four models: the barriers to walking, biking, and public transit-use, and the motives for car-use. These findings support the hypothesis of this study that there are differences between the perceived and physical barriers to sustainable mobility as well as the motives of car-use in MENA megacities compared to Western societies. In short, mode-choice decisions and perceived determinants are context-sensitive. The conclusions of this study could be applied in urban and transportation planning in the MENA region to promote more sustainable mobility modes.},

keywords = {Cairo, Egypt, Iran, Istanbul, sustainable mobility, Tehran, transportation preferences},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

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Although there is considerable number of studies on urban travel mode choice, there are still two gaps: we have limited understanding of perceived and attitudinal barriers of sustainable modes and motives of personal car use, and the causes (not correlations) of mode choice decisions are almost unknown for certain geographical contexts such as the Middle East and North Africa (MENA). This study seeks to answer three questions: (1) what are the main barriers to choosing sustainable transport modes like active mobility and public transportation in the Middle East and North Africa? (2) which attitudinal or physical determinants define the transportation mode choice intentions and decisions in Tehran, Istanbul, and Cairo? and (3) what are the differences between the determinants of mode choice decisions in the case cities compared with those of Western societies? In this study, the data collected from 8284 interviewees in Tehran, Istanbul, and Cairo in 2017 were applied in a discrete choice model. The dependent variables of the modeling were the perceived main reasons against walking, biking, and public transit ridership, and the main factor encouraging car-driving. According to the findings, long walking distances, absences or lack of biking infrastructures, social and cultural problems and pressures against biking, and personal preference for cars compared to public transport prevent passengers from walking, biking, and using public transport. Comfort and convenience are the factors that make people avoid public transit in favor of cars. These determinants are fairly different from the main determinants of mode choice decisions in the Western societies. By applying a multinomial logistic regression model, 11 variables related to travel characteristics, perceptions, land-use and neighborhood, socio-economics, and self-selection were found significant or marginally significant in explaining all four models: the barriers to walking, biking, and public transit-use, and the motives for car-use. These findings support the hypothesis of this study that there are differences between the perceived and physical barriers to sustainable mobility as well as the motives of car-use in MENA megacities compared to Western societies. In short, mode-choice decisions and perceived determinants are context-sensitive. The conclusions of this study could be applied in urban and transportation planning in the MENA region to promote more sustainable mobility modes.

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Houshmand; Hussain Aslam S. Atif Bilal; Masoumi, Seyed Arif

Urban travel characteristics in relation with jobs-housing balance and accessibility: results of a survey in Lahore, Pakistan Journal Article

In: GeoScape, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 13-54, 2019.

Links | BibTeX | Tags: accessibility, Pakistan, sustainable mobility, Urban Form, urban land use

S. Atif Bilal; Masoumi Aslam, Houshmand

Residential location choices and the role of mobility, socioeconomics, and land use in Hafizabad, Pakistan Journal Article

In: Urbani Izziv, vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 115-128, 2019.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: urban land use, urban policy, urban travel behavior

@article{Masoumi2019c,

title = {Residential location choices and the role of mobility, socioeconomics, and land use in Hafizabad, Pakistan},

author = {Aslam, S. Atif Bilal; Masoumi, Houshmand, E.; Naeem, Nida; & Ahmad, Mohammad},

doi = {DOI: 10.5379/urbani-izziv-en-2019-30-01-004},

year  = {2019},

date = {2019-06-23},

journal = {Urbani Izziv},

volume = {30},

number = {1},

pages = {115-128},

abstract = {Residential self-selection in developing countries and its relation to urban transportation are understudied and not fully understood. This knowledge gap is even greater in the case of small cities in the developing world. This study takes Hafizabad, Pakistan as a case study with the objective of providing data for future quantitative analyses about residential location choices in small cities on the Indian subcontinent. A sample of 365 residents was interviewed from four neighbourhoods with a combined population of 19,042. This resulted in individual and household response rates of 1.92% and 12.65% and confidence levels of ±5.08% and ±4.79% for individual and household questions. The results show that the most important factors influencing residents’ decisions about moving are availability of utilities/services and affordable prices. Factors related to transportation, accessibility, and social issues, such as proximity to work and relatives, come next. The role of transportation in residential location choices in Hafizabad is less important in comparison to high-income countries. This finding shows how urban form can shape residents’ travel behaviour and suggests that small cities are more compact and walkable because about 40% of job-related trips are made by walking. The results of this study will help inform relevant government organizations about how to effectively devise policies for small cities because policies grafted from large metropolises might not work well at a smaller scale.},

keywords = {urban land use, urban policy, urban travel behavior},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

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Houshmand Masoumi, E. ; Terzi

Neighborhood-Scale Urban Form Typologies of Large Metropolitan Areas: Observations on Tehran, Istanbul, and Cairo Journal Article

In: Cities, vol. 85, pp. 170-186, 2019.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Cairo, Density, Egypt, Iran, Istanbul, large cities, MENA, Tehran

@article{Masoumi2019aa,

title = {Neighborhood-Scale Urban Form Typologies of Large Metropolitan Areas: Observations on Tehran, Istanbul, and Cairo},

author = {Masoumi, Houshmand, E.; Terzi, Fatih; & Serag, Yehya},

doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2018.09.005},

year  = {2019},

date = {2019-02-15},

journal = {Cities},

volume = {85},

pages = {170-186},

abstract = {The micro-level urban morphology of large cities in the Middle East and North Africa and southeastern Europe has not been thoroughly investigated, and its transformation during the past decades has remained less-studied. Hence, this study is meant to partially explain urban morphology of Istanbul, Cairo, and Tehran, three megacities of the region by focusing on the historical neighborhood typologies of the past century. The overall aim of this study is to address the feedbacks of historical urban transformations during the past 100 or 150 years to some important aspects of livability like mobility and social interactions. The objectives are to define the typologies of neighborhoods in the three cities and how they have changed over time, to clarify if the neighborhood-level urban form of the three cities have transformed in a similar fashion, and to address the differences between the cities. The variables of this study were population density, centrality, formation and location of facilities, and configuration of street networks, which were tested by T and Chi-square methods in a representative sample of 259 neighborhoods randomly selected from the case-study cities. The results of statistical hypothesis testing reveal a similarity of neighborhood transformations in the cities in terms of population density. Considerable similarities were found in case of historical changes in centrality (the centeredness of neighborhood amenities), location of neighborhood facilities, and street networks; however, the three cities have general similarities in trends, with potentially similar results for urban mobility. The most important identified planning, political, and societal trends that transformed the neighborhood morphologies were top-down interventions in the 1930s and 1940s, socioeconomic and lifestyle changes in the 1970s because of a jump in oil prices, Iran's 1979 revolution, the Iran-Iraq War for Tehran, internal migration triggered by industrialization, mass and formal housing production for Istanbul, and European inspiration in urban planning in the late 19th century, adoption of socialist ideologies in the 1960s, and the capitalist approach to urban planning in recent years for Cairo.},

keywords = {Cairo, Density, Egypt, Iran, Istanbul, large cities, MENA, Tehran},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

Close

The micro-level urban morphology of large cities in the Middle East and North Africa and southeastern Europe has not been thoroughly investigated, and its transformation during the past decades has remained less-studied. Hence, this study is meant to partially explain urban morphology of Istanbul, Cairo, and Tehran, three megacities of the region by focusing on the historical neighborhood typologies of the past century. The overall aim of this study is to address the feedbacks of historical urban transformations during the past 100 or 150 years to some important aspects of livability like mobility and social interactions. The objectives are to define the typologies of neighborhoods in the three cities and how they have changed over time, to clarify if the neighborhood-level urban form of the three cities have transformed in a similar fashion, and to address the differences between the cities. The variables of this study were population density, centrality, formation and location of facilities, and configuration of street networks, which were tested by T and Chi-square methods in a representative sample of 259 neighborhoods randomly selected from the case-study cities. The results of statistical hypothesis testing reveal a similarity of neighborhood transformations in the cities in terms of population density. Considerable similarities were found in case of historical changes in centrality (the centeredness of neighborhood amenities), location of neighborhood facilities, and street networks; however, the three cities have general similarities in trends, with potentially similar results for urban mobility. The most important identified planning, political, and societal trends that transformed the neighborhood morphologies were top-down interventions in the 1930s and 1940s, socioeconomic and lifestyle changes in the 1970s because of a jump in oil prices, Iran's 1979 revolution, the Iran-Iraq War for Tehran, internal migration triggered by industrialization, mass and formal housing production for Istanbul, and European inspiration in urban planning in the late 19th century, adoption of socialist ideologies in the 1960s, and the capitalist approach to urban planning in recent years for Cairo.

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A. B. Aslam, Masoumi

Izbira stanovanjske lokacije ter vloga mobilnosti, družbenogospodarskih dejavnikov in namenske rabe prostora v pakistanskem mestu Hafizabad Journal Article

In: Urbani Izziv, vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 43-56, 2019.

Links | BibTeX | Tags: Pakistan, sustainable mobility, Urban Form, urban land use

S. Atif Bilal; Masoumi Aslam, Houshmand

Cyclability in Lahore, Pakistan: Looking into Potential for Greener Urban Traveling Journal Article

In: TeMA. Journal of Land Use, Mobility and Environment, vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 323-344, 2018.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags:

@article{Masoumi2019a,

title = {Cyclability in Lahore, Pakistan: Looking into Potential for Greener Urban Traveling},

author = {Aslam, S. Atif Bilal; Masoumi, Houshmand, E.; Muhammad, Asim; Anwer, Izza},

doi = {DOI: 10.6092/1970-9870/5806},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-12-28},

journal = {TeMA. Journal of Land Use, Mobility and Environment},

volume = {11},

number = {3},

pages = {323-344},

abstract = {Measuring perceived or objective cyclability or bikeability has drawn less attention compared to walkability, particularly in developing countries like those in South Asia and the Middle East. This paper presents the results of a survey about cyclability in Lahore, Pakistan, focusing on human perceptions rather than the built environment. The overall sample included a total of 379 respondents from three socio-economic classes: those from lower socio-economic backgrounds accessing traditional/older bazaars, respondents from the middle socio-economic class accessing uptown bazaars, and respondents of higher socio-economic status accessing pedestrian shopping malls. The exploratory data collection was conducted in spring 2018 in Lahore by means of a short standard questionnaire with 19 questions, resulting in 17 categorical/dummy variables, two open-ended variables, and two continuous variables targeting socio-economics, bike trip characteristics, biking barriers, and preferred travel specifications. The results showed that the middle socio-economic group was more inclined, flexible, and willing to bike compared to the lower and higher socio-economic-groups. The lower socio-economic group used the bicycle more frequently than the middle socio-economic group. Around half of the middle socio-economic group commutes via bike compared to the lower socio-economic group. There was little to no representation of 55-64 and 65+ age groups in the data. The descriptive findings of this survey indicate some preliminary signs of differences of decisions and perceptions about biking compared to high-income and European countries. These differences need to be tested in future statistical analyses.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

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Masoumi, Houshmand E.

Urban Travel Behavior in the Middle East and North Africa Journal Article

In: TeMA - Journal of Land Use, Mobility and Environment, pp. 3-6, 2018.

BibTeX | Tags: MENA, sustainable mobility, urban travel behavior

Masoumi, Houshmand E.; Gouda, Amr Ah; Layritz, Lucia; Stendera, Pia; Matta, Cynthia; Tabbakh, Haya; Razavi, Sima; Masoumi, Houshiar; Mannasoğlu, Betül; Kılınç, Özlem; Sharara, Ashraf M.; Mahmoud, ElNably; Alhakeem, Ahmad; Ismail, Sherzad; Fruth, Erik

Urban Travel Behavior in Large Cities of MENA Region: Survey Results of Cairo, Istanbul and Tehran Miscellaneous

Discussion Paper, 2018.

Links | BibTeX | Tags: Cairo, Istanbul, large cities, MENA, Middle East and North Africa, Tehran, urban travel behavior

Masoumi, Houshmand E. (Ed.)

Urban Travel Behavior in the Middle East and North Africa Periodical

vol. Special Issue, 2018.

Links | BibTeX | Tags: MENA, Middle East and North Africa, urban travel behavior

Masoumi, Houshmand E.; Hosseini, Maryamsadat; Gouda, Amr Ah

Drivers of Urban Sprawl in the Middle East: Literature on Iran and Egypt Journal Article

In: Human Geographies, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 55-79, 2018.

Links | BibTeX | Tags: drivers, Egypt, Iran, Middle East, urban sprawl

Masoumi, Houshmand E.

Urban Travel Behavior, Urban Land Use, Preferences and Personal Decisions about Transportation: Results of a Survey in Tehran, Istanbul, and Cairo (in Persian) Proceedings Article

In: 2018, (presented to 6th National Conference on Sustainable Development in Geographical Sciences and Planning, Architecture, and Urbanism, Tehran).

Links | BibTeX | Tags: Cairo, Istanbul, Tehran, transportation decisions, transportation preferences, urban land use, urban travel behavior

Masoumi, Houshmand E.

Neighborhood size in planning large cities of the Middle East and North Africa: insights to mobility and social interactions Journal Article

In: GeoJournal, pp. 1-12, 2018, ISSN: 1572-9893.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: community-based planning, Middle East and North Africa, neighborhood planning, sustainable mobility, traditional neighborhood development

@article{Masoumi2018,

title = {Neighborhood size in planning large cities of the Middle East and North Africa: insights to mobility and social interactions},

author = {Houshmand E. Masoumi},

url = {https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs10708-018-9859-2.pdf},

doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-018-9859-2},

issn = {1572-9893},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-02-22},

journal = {GeoJournal},

pages = {1-12},

abstract = {Recently a number of cities of the Middle East and North Africa like Tehran, Istanbul, Cairo, Mashhad, and Esfahan have defined a new neighborhood-level division system. According to academic literature and the implemented practice, the Iranian cities have had the main goal of promoting bottom-up approach in urban governance as well as public participation in regeneration/gentrification plans. Based on the statistical analysis by Analysis of Variance and Welch’s Test undertaken in this study, the areas determined for the neighborhoods in Tehran, Mashhad, and Esfahan are significantly larger than that of the historical cores of two cities in central Iran, namely Yazd and Kashan. This finding indicates that Iranian decision makers did not mean to use the vernacular urbanism to generate a city of short distances with local centrality that leads to sustainable mobility and enhanced social effects. Focusing only on public participation and local governance and neglecting the potential benefits of changing human behaviors and perceptions by means of sustainable urban forms may be targeted by other Middle Eastern and North African countries like Turkey and Egypt, because the size of the new quarters in these countries are very similar to that of Iran. As a result of this analysis, the planning bodies of the region are recommended to include two main fields in their neighborhood planning in parallel: (1) community-based planning with the aim of enhancing public participation and urban gentrification; (2) physical neo-traditional neighborhood planning with the aim of creating human-scaled fabric and promotion of sustainable mobility and social effects.},

keywords = {community-based planning, Middle East and North Africa, neighborhood planning, sustainable mobility, traditional neighborhood development},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

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Masoumi, Houshmand E.

The Effects of Employment Centers and Polycentric Urban Form on Urban Travel Characteristics in New Cities and Suburbs of Iran: Knowledge Gaps and Future Research (in Persian) Book Section

In: Mirmoghtadaee, Mahta (Ed.): Urban and Regional Transportation Policies in the New Towns, pp. 97-114, Road, Housing, and Urban Development Research Center, Tehran, Iran, 2017.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: employment centers, Iran, new cities, polycentric urban form, suburbs, urban travel behavior

@incollection{Masoumi2017,

title = {The Effects of Employment Centers and Polycentric Urban Form on Urban Travel Characteristics in New Cities and Suburbs of Iran: Knowledge Gaps and Future Research (in Persian)},

author = {Houshmand E. Masoumi},

editor = {Mahta Mirmoghtadaee},

url = {https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Houshmand_E_Masoumi/publication/316542706_athrat_mrakz_ashtghal_w_shkl_shhr_chnd_hsth_ay_br_rftar_sfr_dr_shhrhay_jdyd_w_hwmh_hay_ayran_khla_pzhwhshy_w_thqyqat_ayndh/links/5b050b344585154aeb0802e9/athrat-mrakz-ashtghal-w-shkl-shhr-chnd-hsth-ay-br-rftar-sfr-dr-shhrhay-jdyd-w-hwmh-hay-ayran-khla-pzhwhshy-w-thqyqat-ayndh.pdf?origin=publication_detail},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-04-05},

booktitle = {Urban and Regional Transportation Policies in the New Towns},

pages = {97-114},

publisher = {Road, Housing, and Urban Development Research Center},

address = {Tehran, Iran},

abstract = {The influences of the built environment on travel behavior in Iranian cities are under-researched. Such gaps in research are not limited to Iran, but other countries of the Middle East and North Africa and in general, many developing countries lack such studies. In Iran, no empirical studies on the effects of urban land use on travel behavior including travel length, travel frequency, transport mode choice, and car ownership of residents of new cities and suburbs exist. Thus, in this paper, it has been attempted to describe the potentials of polycentric urban form and employment clusters for positively influencing commute and non-commute urban trips in new Iranian new cities and the suburbs on the periphery of the new cities or the mother cities. For that, the international literature of polycentric urban form are reviewed. Such literature includes urban development conceptual models and theories, some of which are economics and some are physical. Likewise, the effects of employment clusters and centers on urban travels in the western world and developing countries are explained. Limited examples from developing countries include Mexico and China, and a more relevant example for Iran is introduced from Turkey. As the main body of the paper, a discussion about the necessity for developing research frameworks targeting the importance of residential self-selection and the possible positive effects of planning job centers including shopping malls, urban sub-centers with different scales, etc. is presented. Meanwhile, two proposals are presented to Iranian scholars for future research: first, cross-sectional studies comparing the function of centered neighborhoods in new cities and suburbs of mother cities, second, longitudinal analysis of the travel behavior impacts of developing large employment centers. Both research proposals can be done by means of collecting disaggregate data using questionnaires. The findings will help decision makers have a better understanding about the uses of job locations in providing alternative and sustainable urban transportation. In the meantime, they will strengthen the scientific body of literature related to the topic. The above are proposed having in mind that the pull factor of land use can have limited effectiveness in affecting urban trips compared to stronger socioeconomic factors in the Iranian context. },

keywords = {employment centers, Iran, new cities, polycentric urban form, suburbs, urban travel behavior},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {incollection}

}

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The influences of the built environment on travel behavior in Iranian cities are under-researched. Such gaps in research are not limited to Iran, but other countries of the Middle East and North Africa and in general, many developing countries lack such studies. In Iran, no empirical studies on the effects of urban land use on travel behavior including travel length, travel frequency, transport mode choice, and car ownership of residents of new cities and suburbs exist. Thus, in this paper, it has been attempted to describe the potentials of polycentric urban form and employment clusters for positively influencing commute and non-commute urban trips in new Iranian new cities and the suburbs on the periphery of the new cities or the mother cities. For that, the international literature of polycentric urban form are reviewed. Such literature includes urban development conceptual models and theories, some of which are economics and some are physical. Likewise, the effects of employment clusters and centers on urban travels in the western world and developing countries are explained. Limited examples from developing countries include Mexico and China, and a more relevant example for Iran is introduced from Turkey. As the main body of the paper, a discussion about the necessity for developing research frameworks targeting the importance of residential self-selection and the possible positive effects of planning job centers including shopping malls, urban sub-centers with different scales, etc. is presented. Meanwhile, two proposals are presented to Iranian scholars for future research: first, cross-sectional studies comparing the function of centered neighborhoods in new cities and suburbs of mother cities, second, longitudinal analysis of the travel behavior impacts of developing large employment centers. Both research proposals can be done by means of collecting disaggregate data using questionnaires. The findings will help decision makers have a better understanding about the uses of job locations in providing alternative and sustainable urban transportation. In the meantime, they will strengthen the scientific body of literature related to the topic. The above are proposed having in mind that the pull factor of land use can have limited effectiveness in affecting urban trips compared to stronger socioeconomic factors in the Iranian context.

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Hosseini, Marya Amsadat; Gouda, Amr Ah.; Masoumi, Houshmand E.

Urbanization Trends and Urban Planning Stratagies in Three Major Middle Eastern Countries: Iran, Egypt, and Turkey Journal Article

In: Romanian Journal of Geography, vol. 60 (2), pp. 155-171, 2016.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: the Middle East, urban development strategies, urban policy, urban population, urban sprawl, urbanization

@article{Hosseini2016,

title = {Urbanization Trends and Urban Planning Stratagies in Three Major Middle Eastern Countries: Iran, Egypt, and Turkey},

author = {Marya Amsadat Hosseini and Amr Ah. Gouda and Houshmand E. Masoumi},

url = {https://rjgeo.ro/atasuri/revue roumaine 60_2/Hosseini et al..pdf},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-07-01},

journal = {Romanian Journal of Geography},

volume = {60 (2)},

pages = {155-171},

abstract = {Rapid urbanization has turned into a problematic phenomenon laying negative effects on the Middle Eastern cities and their peripheries. Although fast increase in urban population of the countries of the region has been well-researched, the connections to urban development strategies and patterns are being neglected. This paper examines the time coincidence of some of the dominant planning trends of the past decades that are considered to be associated with the intensive urban population changes. The paper attempts to discuss over the points in which the three countries witnessed significant increase and decrease in fertility rates. For that, the data of the World Bank have been applied. The graphs seen in this paper have been produced by the Google public data from the World Bank website, which provides the possibility of separating urban and rural populations. The descriptive analysis of this study shows that these vigorous changes of population growth rates have been more powerful in Iran and Turkey and steadier in Egypt. Examples of weak planning in the three target countries of this study, Iran, Egypt, and Turkey, such as failure in new city planning in Egypt, extensive sprawl in Turkish cities, rural-urban migration in Iran and Turkey, and the policy of wholesale land selling in Iran depict uncontrolled and vis-à-vis urban planning taking the wrong route. It is concluded that controlling urbanization trends in emerging countries, like the Middle Eastern states, requires a strong and strict urban planning system that avoids trial and error.},

keywords = {the Middle East, urban development strategies, urban policy, urban population, urban sprawl, urbanization},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

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Gouda, Amr Ah; Hosseini, Maryamsadat; Masoumi, Houshmand E.

The Status of Urban and Suburban Sprawl in Egypt and Iran Journal Article

In: GeoScape, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 1-15, 2016.

Links | BibTeX | Tags: Egypt, Iran, suburban sprawl, urban sprawl